The Apartheid Years
During the 19Th and 20Th centuries Europeans began to colonize Southern Africa. The Native people did not like the colonist at all. They tried to resist them by fighting but the colonist were to powerful and many native tribes were massacred.
The Apartheid
An apartheid is a policy based on discrimination against the black South Africans, that lasted until 1991. South Africa was originally home to many native tribes, but Europeans came in and stole the lands from the native people. I have a weird feeling that this has already happened in other places too. The European invaders didn't just steal land they also made the people there work for them as slaves. The slavery didn't last long, but unfortunately it was replaced by a radical form of discrimination. This form was based on the same principles that Hitler used in Nazi Germany. They separated everyone by race and put all the blacks, Indians and "coloreds" in isolated camps. They were still part of the country, but they had no voting rights and very little civil rights. The apartheid also limited the amount and quality of education the native South Africans got. They also had to carry passes that told guards and policemen they race, status and what they could or could not do. Eventually organizations came around to form a resistance toward the apartheid, but they didn't have much of an effect on it until the U.N. stepped in. One of the leaders of those organizations was Nelson Mandela and he used non-violent and civil disobedience to try to overthrow the current government. He was soon imprisoned for life. Eventually the current government couldn't handle all the uprisings and they had to step down. Nelson Mandela was released from prison and became the new President of South Africa.
Liberation Movements
Following the imposition of the white minority rule many South Africa, which now consist of Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, liberation movements began to spring up everywhere. Usually the tactic was brutal guerrilla warfare.
Namibia
In 1915 German South Africa and the Ovamboland came under the South African administration. The Ovambo people did not like this and had many unsucessful rebellion attempts. They eventually went under the apartheid policies and became South Frica's fifth province in 1949. They fought for many years to their indepence and with the help of the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) and the U.N. South Africa lost its control 1966, but despite this South Africa still controlled them until 1990 when they had a ceasefire. Namibia held elections and gave power to SWAPO.
Mozambique
Some of the most ferocious wars against colonialism were inMozambique. The Mozambique liberation front (FRELIMO) was launched to lead the guerrilla warfare. And After many years of violence, a coup in Portugal led to a change in power and they decided to listen to FRELIMO and in 1975 Mozambique gained its independence.
Zimbabwe
They tried to follow Mozambique’s FRELIMO success and started to gain some headway. The guerrilla tactics were working and fighting continued through the 1970s. By 1978 the Rhodesian (Zimbabwe) government knew they couldn’t win so they gave in and decided to have multi-racial elections in 1979. However, the two main black groups were excluded, and guerrilla warfare continued. Zimbabwe tries and is still trying to gain black minority rule but, the efforts just lead to violence and bloodshed. In 2002 a huge HIV infection spread throughout the whole region, while most of the countries were already facing famine and grave food shortages caused by drought and ravaged crops.
Botswana
This country was not hit with the surge of violence that hit all the other countries. It slowly gained independence and set up its own government. It went from one of the poorest countries to one of the most economically stable countries in Africa. Although the good economy, many people are poor and the serious problems like: high unemployment, overgrazing, and spread of HIV.
The rest of southern Africa went through similar events. Although Southern Africa is more economically stable then the rest of Africa, it is still plagued by violence and disease.